in man's guise trod the misery-track There are several moods occurring in the narrative poem of Beowulf. When scholars or students are interested in the Anglo-Saxon way of life, there is only one poem that can be used as the perfect representation of the culture. 15. What is the main idea in the following lines of Beowulf? Beowulf is an Old English poem done by an anonymous poet of Anglo-Saxon origin, and thus, it is expected that there is use of Kennings within the poem. In book V of the Republic, Socrates proposes that philosophers should rule because they know and love truth. Figuratively, Beowulf's role as a messianic character comes full circle when he faces Grendel's Mother. Take a look at the main points about metaphors in Beowulf covered in the article above: Beowulf is full of metaphors, and these help the readers to better understand the characters and their purpose in the story. Open Document. By the time the story of Beowulf was composed by an unknown Anglo-Saxon poet around 700 a.d., much of its material had been in circulation in oral narrative for many years. The cultural influence of the novel has been examined by many scholars and the poem has been placed as the foundation for knowledge of Anglo-Saxon culture. By night is a wonder weird to see, fire on the waters. from mountains gliding to gloom of the rocks, It is one of the most important works of literature in the western world The word is used as a verb in the text. an exaggeration or overstatement used to evoke strong feelings. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. After all of his years of glory, a monster finally took him out. Not only he slays the monster but also attacks the monsters mother to seal his victory and goes to Geatland to live a peaceful and comfortable life. Anywhere from Cinderella to Hansel and Gretel. Donec aliquet. Taking place in Scandinavia in the 6th century, the epic poem describes the adventures of Beowulf, a young warrior. His arrival at our Warsaw embassy was greeted by an enthusiastic crowd. In contrast, Grendel "huddled in the darkness, tormented, mistrustful." Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Scyld Shefing, the founder of the dynasty, becomes King of the Danes not through wealth (for he comes from an impoverished family) but through his ability to sack the enemies. Hades daughter would be Melinoe, the most well-known daughter, but unknown to many, Hades has three children. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 19. Identify a context clue in the text that suggests the meaning of the word adorned a it is used in Grendel. No one has time to read them all, but its important to go over them at least briefly. Just like in the Bible, God and Satan are opposites, and good and evil are constantly in battle. Hrunting was a sword given to Beowulf by Unferth in the ancient Old English epic poem Beowulf. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. At first, stories were told by oral tradition and thats when Beowulf came along., Beowulf is a classical epic poem which describes Beowulfs heroic deeds and his acts towards bringing justice and peace to the Scandinavian society by eradicating Grendel. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Unlike an epic hero, the tragic hero possesses a tragic flaw. Who controlled the House of Representatives in 1982? This scene is noteworthy as it draws a crowd, because the almighty and beloved Beowulf was about to prove his worth once again. Beowulf being the almighty (God) and Grendel being his enemy (Satan) Conscious exaggeration used to heighten effect. Herot is a sign of symbolism because a heorot hall is also known as a mead hall. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Why might the author use the hyperbole "the waves below were dyed in blood.". Beowulf is surveying the lake filled with demons presumed to be Grendel's mother or other creatures similar to her. What do the two different settings suggest about their different places in society? a. represent his victory. It was written in England sometime between the 8th and early 11th century. Nay, though the heath-rover, harried by dogs, the horn-proud hart, this holt should seek, long distance driven, his dear life first on the brink he yields ere he brave the plunge to hide his head: 'tis no happy place! Hyperbole Fitela may have been scared without his uncle, but its an exaggeration to say he would run away from his own shadow. A king held accountable to his barons for tax increases. Figurative Language In Beowulf. When he becomes king of his own country, he later has to fight a dragon. Examples in Beowulf are described below. In Beowulf, the heroic characteristics possessed by Beowulf help him achieve great things. The Danes celebrate this final victory with great pomp and show. Had he not been blinded by hubris, he would not have died. Although originally untitled, the poem was later named after the Scandinavian hero Beowulf, whose exploits and . The most prominent feature of this version is its terseness and conciseness interspersed with compound words such as bone-house and whale-road. Its alliterative verses create a melody, making it a fit read for gatherings as the use of two syllables in each half-line enriches its melodic impacts. Many of the characters in the poemthe Swedish and Danish royal family members, for examplecorrespond to actual historical figures. This example shows the use of rhetorical questions posed but different characters not to elicit answers but to stress upon the underlined idea. Figurative Language Figurative language, word or group of words used to give particular emphasis to an idea or sentiment. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. They are common in Old Norse, Icelandic, and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) poetry, and usually use either a hyphen (e.g. Kennings are compound words or phrases replacing the original word: whale-road for sea, Other metaphors make comparisons between characters and places and something else, While there are many metaphors made in the poem, this article discusses metaphors for Heorot, the mead hall, Beowulf, the hero, and Grendel, the monster, Heorot is the wonder of the world, the center of the poem and its heart and soul at the beginning, Beowulf is the prince of goodness, made to seem almost god-like in his abilities. Take a look at some of the metaphors for Beowulf below: (all taken from Seamus Heaneys translation of the poem). The way the author of Beowulf reveals and characterizes his identity is by using different sorts of literary devices. The author of Beowulf uses literary devices such as symbolism, hyperbole, and personification to help characterize and reveal Beowulfs identity. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Write a definition for the italicized vocabulary word. These are used in Beowulf to create continuity and reinforce character traits without being repetitive and boring. Maybe the waves haven't really been dyed in blood, but men have died, and more will die, in this place. Furthermore, Beowulf does employ digressions, long speeches, journeys and quests, various trials or tests of the hero, and even divine intervention, as do classic epics. It is clear that the Danes have the upper hand in the relationship; their status is secure, and Grendel is an outcast. Some of the most distinctive poetic devices of this Old English poem, however, are kennings, alliteration, and variation. Translators do their best to replicate the figurative . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 3 What figurative language is in Beowulf? What is an example of hyperbole in Beowulf? Hyperbole is used in Beowulf. The Role of Women in Beowulf Essay; . "of human shape the superhuman size" - The alliteration of word 's'. Pellentesque dapib
sectetur
sectetur adipiscing elit. There are several moods occurring in the narrative poem of Beowulf. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Setting: The setting of the epic, Beowulf, spreads over Denmark and then some areas of Geatland. a hyperbole is an. Aging and aware of it, and acting recklessly and similarly aware of it, Beowulf needlessly battles the dragon alone and is fatally wounded. Include an image that illustrates each principle -Natural Rights -Popular Sovereignty -Republicanism -Social Con Sparrow Incorporated used the high-low method to estimate that its fixed costs are $221,320. ing during the Anglo-Saxon period? Antagonist: Beowulf shows Grendel, his mother, and the dragon as antagonists of the epic as they kill the people mercilessly just to satisfy their instincts. The way imagery is used in Beowulf is powerful, deep, and strong. These are not as stark metaphors as some of the others, but there is an implication of what Heorot is supposed to be in the poem. Instead, the organisation of Beowulf is quite complex because the story jumps to many different time periods and is set around two main locations. Beowulf catches sight on her and prepares himself to slay her with his sword, and kill her. Heorot means hart and a hart is a male deer which get hunted by men and other predators over and over again which overall means Herot is intended to be attacked by Grendel numerous times. Although while the aftermath of the battles with Grendel and Grendel's mother end's with success and joy, the battle with the dragon ends in sorrow and despair. The storyline shows a Danish King, Hrothgar, from the linage of Shield Sheafson, a royal family head, living a prosperous and happy life with his subjects, enjoying great feasts in his Heorot, a mead-hall, when a plague strikes his subjects. The context clue is the synonym in the phrase "ruined and ravaged.". . 10. Beowulf asked for a certain shield, and a few men to tag along in his efforts to defeat the dragon. Although not usually mentioned compared to other famous Olympian gods in Greek mythology, some gods and goddesses were said to be, Read More Hades Daughter: Everything You Must Know About Her StoryContinue, Sirens in The Odyssey were alluring creatures who sang beautiful songs that could drive a man mad just by hearing them. There were violent times and much fighting and conflicts. Here we, Read More Ipotane: The Look-alikes of Centaurs and Sileni in Greek MythologyContinue, The Beowulf characters list is quite long, but there is a small number that has speaking parts or importance to the poem. Also gives us a great impression to the reader. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. 3. Beowulf is the strongest of the Geats - stronger than anyone anywhere in the world (l. 109-111): Hyperbole: exaggeration emphasizing Beowulf's heroism. The Trojan war characters stories come together and become part of the larger tale. The metaphors for Grendel are probably the most exciting ones used in the poem because they describe his pure evil. nor any brood that was born to him Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Alliteration: "Then he saw the mighty water witch and swung his sword" (51). E.g., Beowulf is " the mightiest man on Earth," which is surely an overstatement. According to the article 5 facts you didn't know about the old Oyo Empire the author Oluwatumininu Dunmade states that" Question1 The Penguin intentionally hits Batman with his umbrella. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. One way the tone is revealed is by Diction. The reason is that all the characters stay almost the same from the first to the last, representing either good or evil such as Beowulf, Grendel, the dragon, Hygelac, and Hrothgar. the monster managed only the merest tiny little cough. Like many literary texts, Beowulf features figurative language like metaphors, similes, and symbols. Beowulf is loaded with kennings that offer many different phrases to represent the same thing. Meanwhile, poems of today usually remain chronological and don't have such a big time gap in the. What is most strongly a similarity between Hrothgar and Grendel's mother in Beowulf? Figurative Language In Beowulf. Simile: The epic shows a good use of various similes such as; These are similes as the use of the word like shows the comparison between different things. Grendels description is written quite differently in both translations. its golden roofs can be seen a days march away, brighter than the sun itself. Beowulfs metaphors show him to be all goodness and light, coming to protect his people. Little to nothing about Grendel's parents or offspring is known. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. What are 3 examples of alliteration in Beowulf? Beowulf: A New Telling by Robert Nye, is the story of a hero that overcomes the evil of Cain by admitting to the evil in himself. He bound to the bank then the broad-bosomed vessel. Hollywood changes the epic poem so much in the movie to draw people's attention, make it a good versus evil kind of movie instead of flat like the poem and making it a more sexy/ emotional movie., Beowulf is one of the oldest English Literatures in our time today. Conflict: The conflict in the epic, Beowulf, is between the good and evil on one level and between the representative characters on the other level. This terror of the hall-troops had come far. Grendel lets the song of the harpist move him to tears. Recall the unit's Essential Question: Where does history end and legend begin? He sets up his experiment, recru . But recently, there have been various movies that have been produced that tell the poem of Beowulf, the warrior who fought bravely against monsters. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. of treacherous spirits. Batman, stunned by the blow, falls backward, knockin A researcher is interested in studying the effects of room temperature on irritability. The dragon roared with anger. Although the author uses many literary devices throughout the poem, these three are the most common., Beowulf is possibly one of the oldest remaining long poems in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works in Old English literature. To identify key influences in the development of British history and literature. Beowulf: A Comparison between Hrothgar and Beowulf as Leaders, The Poem Beowulf vs. What is a hyperbole from the book Catching Fire? Metaphor - comparing the eagle to a king without using like or as .the monster managed only the merest tiny little cough. Beowulf fights Grendel's Mother in the lake, and her blood rises to the surface. The poem reflects the culture of the time and the Anglo Saxon era. The Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives presides over the Texas House, and the Lieutenant Governor of Texas pr Interview Notes Paul and Maggie are married and want to file a joint return. Of course, figurative language was made for fiction writing. The Danes are in Hrothgar's new meadhall, and Grendel is listening on the outskirts near the edge of the forest. Beowulf as an Epic Hero in Burton Raffels Translation of the Story Beowulf. c. dispel doubt from Unferth. These two places suggest that the Danes belong and are part of a united vision for the race of men while Grendel is alone and friendless. One example is when a raven is described as ''anxious to tell/The eagle how he stuffed his craw with corpses'' He did not stuff his entire craw with full human. Feeling boundless joy, Hrothgar profusely praises Beowulf and showers loads of gifts on him. Beowulf overcomes an impossible task in quest for honor. Two of whom he shares with his wife, while the others mother is not mentioned in the literature. Related Characters: Beowulf (speaker) Related Themes: This hyperbole serves to emphasize the power of Beowulf's sword and his prowess as a warrior. Foreshadowing: The epic shows the following examples of foreshadowing; These quotes from Beowulf foreshadow the coming events.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'literarydevices_net-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_12',131,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-literarydevices_net-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); 9. The poet, however, consciously used them to characterize human experience, stressing recurring ng patterns, and to represent the characters' attempts to understand their situation (Constantakis). Hyperbole - the roofs can be seen from far away because they are bright, but it is an exaggeration that they are brighter than the sun The eagle was the king of the air. Is it OK for a 13 year old to shave their legs? Which of the following best explains why the author organizes the text under different headings? Beowulf is an epic poem that involves the incredible tale of an epic hero named Beowulf and his bravery, unsurpassable strength, honor, confidence, and willingness to face all odds. What are two central ideas found in this text? Imagery in this epic poem makes it so easy to picture what's going on, and really sets the mood for Beowulf. How does the discussion between Liam, Jessica, and Rebecca link the story of Beowulf to history? Figurative language is a tool helpful for giving close detail. The Danes and Geats automatically assume that the blood belongs to Beowulf and that he was killed, but the audience knows that it belongs to Grendel's mother. Personification - It is giving the wind the human-like quality of being able to breathe and/or hold its breath. Liam and Jessica describe how Beowulf provides a glimpse into the difficulty of surviving during the Anglo-Saxon period. Her arms winding and unwinding about him like sinewy, swollen snakes. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Learn how your comment data is processed. In the following sentences, place semicolons and colons where they are needed. Gardner writes, "From neighboring realms and from across the sea came men to the great celebration." Lastly, the author uses alliteration to characterize and reveal the identity of Beowulf. Fusce
sectetur adipiscing
sectetur adipiscing elit. This is an example of what type of figurative language? Light has you in its power. By comparing the hungry sea creatures to humans ready for a meal, he is using personification, the attribution of human qualities to non-human things. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. What is all the above? 12. The writer of Beowulf took the characters flaws and related them to actual life experiences. He even battles the dragon that takes his own life, but does not budge from his stand of saving his subjects. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. He came to help the Danes who had been struggling with the monster for twelve years. Imagery: Imagery means using images such as given in the novel. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Men said that Fitela would run away from him own shadow if Sigemund was not with him. Kennings often consist of two words. Additionally, hyperbole is used to describe the enemies that Beowulf must face, emphasizing their strength and ferocity in order to build suspense and anticipation for the battles. A hyperbole is a statement of extreme exaggeration to show emphasis. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Where is Grendel? In the Beowulf, alliteration is one of the ways figurative language is used. In this instance, vortex is a powerful force pulling someone or something in a direction they may or may not want to go. Their stories are intertwined and overlapping throughout the epic, weaving the tapestry threads known as the Trojan War. in beowulf enotes, write your own riddle getting started readwritethink org, ruthwell cross wikipedia, . Then explain how the prefix and context helped you decide what the word means. Copyright 2023 WittyQuestion.com | All rights reserved. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. b. send a warning to future attackers. Use evidence from the text to support your answer. 2 What are 3 examples of alliteration in Beowulf? To be more specific, you can see the quote from Beowulf that contains alliteration. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. 1421. were dyed in blood. The proper context is imperative to understanding the content, and context is fundamental to understanding Beowulf. He also brings his head as a sign of his victory. Hyperbole: Hyperbole or exaggeration occurs in the epic at various places such as; These verses show the exaggerated killing of the demon, Grendel. Based on this text, were epics ever, sometimes, or always composed by recognized individuals? that such a pair they have sometimes seen, Use context clue to define enthralled and write your definition here. The kenning is used primarily in Anglo-Saxon poetry and is a metaphorical phrase that provides a visual for a person, place, or thing. Thence . What are the four perils of power Hrothgar describes in his "sermon" to Beowulf before the Geatish prince returns to Sweden? Beowulf. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. He crept inside a narrow crack in the rockTeeth tore at him as he wriggled along. Narrator: Beowulf has been narrated by a third-person omniscient narrator. Donec aliquet. "bellilgerent," "hissed," "whispered," "stumbled" All of these words paint a picture of Grendel as angry yet unsure of how he should respond or behave in light of the Danes' celebration. Read, Read More Loyalty in Beowulf: How Does the Epic Warrior Hero Show Loyalty? ), Simile comparing her arms to snakes andAlliteration repetition of the s sinewy, swollen snakes. Beowulf is an epic poem that uses figurative language to paint a vivid picture. Throughout the poem, Beowulf showed loyalty, and it is what drove him to be a hero. A random sample of 100 US cities yields a 90% condence interval for the average annual precipitation in the US of 33 Unlock every step-by-step explanation, download literature note PDFs, plus more. The storyline presents a Geats hero, Beowulf, who comes to help the Danish king, Hrothgar, to fight against the monster, Grendel. Second, the hyperbole raises the stakes on Beowulf's heroics. In Beowulf, the hero is Beowulf due to his courage for both his people and the Danes. Ravaged means ruined. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. *Service is provided by writing AI tool essayAI. He demonstrates his courage, loyalty, wisdom, strength, and boasting in ways that set him apart from others. Hades Daughter: Everything You Must Know About Her Story, Sirens in The Odyssey: Beautiful Yet Deceitful Creatures, Ipotane: The Look-alikes of Centaurs and Sileni in Greek Mythology, Beowulf Characters: The Major Players of the Epic Poem. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "whale-road" for ocean. For instance Heorot Hall, swords, the sea, the mere, and the water are some of the most commonly used symbols throughout Beowulf . They did the same thing, that theyve done to a lot of other fairy tales, to Beowulf so it would be more appealing to varied audiences. Helps create a larger than life hero; Beowulf hears about Grendel and chooses 14 men to go to Hrothgar's aid in Denmark (epics often have heroes who help the people of a nation) (l. 112-124); For fear of a feud were forced to disown him., XII.? Herot trembled, wonderfully built to withstand the blows, the struggling great bodies beating at its beautiful walls; shaped and fastened with iron, inside and out, artfully worked, the building stood firm. Beowulf. The metaphors covered in this article will be related to Heorot, Beowulf, and Grendel. Grendel knows better than to trust these words, yet he can't help but be sucked in by Hrothgar's speech. Hollywood has become good at changing any type of story to better fit the American eye. At the same time, it tells us how he should be viewed by the readers. They also have many moments of horror, disgust, and heros. Passer, deliciae meae puellae (Catullus 2), Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus (Catullus 5), Miser Catulle, desinas ineptire (Catullus 8), https://ancient-literature.com/metaphors-in-beowulf/, Metaphors in Beowulf are easily found if one knows how to look for them, Metaphors are comparisons made between two things. You can see some use of it in the quote "She was remembering the sparkling city whose picture she had drawn so many times," This shows good detail and character development in just a line. Simile comparing the reflection of the light off of Hrothgars breastplate to that of something holy, Simile Beowulf comparing the ravens singing to his own toothache, meaning it was painful . Hyperbole is a literary exaggeration. What does it mean when you wear a bandana in your back pocket? But it soon becomes somber when discussing the loss. This epic was originally handed down through generations in spoken form by traveling minstrels. That quote may seem melodramatic, but surely you acknowledge the axiomatic certainty of the foundational importance of context. He carried the arms to the victims kinfolk, Then as dawn brightened and the day broke, Cain got no good from committing that murder, Hrothgar, the helmet of Shieldings, spoke (456). Other metaphors are also included in Beowulf, and these give us a clearer picture of what the characters or places really are. Beowulf, heroic poem, the highest achievement of Old English literature and the earliest European vernacular epic. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes. By continuing well assume you The sun seemed to dance over the land of the Danes. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Beowulf hangs Grendel's arm on the rafters of Heron to. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. The Beowulf poet is often at pains to attribute Christian thoughts and motives to his characters, who frequently behave in distinctly un-Christian ways. He is the representation of all that is good Grendel is "the Lord's outcast" and a "powerful demon" It is also a battle between good and evil, shown through metaphors! Like other oral art, it was handed down, with changes and embellishments, from one story teller to another. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Lines 11-12 The Military Hyperbole Analysis The soldier establishes credibility through the troubles they experienced while active in the military and conveys a message through frustration and sarcasm. The Soldier uses hyperbole to create an emotional appeal in order to show the hardships US soldiers face while active. Hyperbole helps reveal Beowulf's identity by showing that not only is he courageous and strong, he also has a side of him where is he scared and doubtful. Alliteration- Repetition of initial consonant sounds (Ex: the bloody battle began) Caesura- In old English poetry, the space at the end of or in the middle of lines used to indicate a pause for effect of meaning. 13. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In this time period, many people were uneducated and had . Yet, it preserves its grandiose style that is fit for such classical epics. The alliteration creates images and sounds that help the reader engage with the action of the poem, visualize what is happening, and experience the piece with all of the senses. So wise lived none of the sons of men, to search those depths! Climax: The climax occurs when Beowulf fights the demon and his mother.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'literarydevices_net-leader-1','ezslot_11',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-literarydevices_net-leader-1-0'); 8. "ring-giver" as a term for king) or a possessive (e.g. 4. The epic poem "Beowulf", translated by Burton Raffel, focuses on a hero by the name of Beowulf who goes on a quest to rescue King Hrothgar and his people from an egregious monster by the name of Grendel. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Figurative language creates comparisons in unique ways. It does not store any personal data. During the Anglo-Saxon time period, the people gathered in mead halls, which is a setting in the poem titled Beowulf. Heorot is considered the center of all things, and many descriptions keep returning to that metaphor, such as wonder of the world. It is the beating heart of a place, the safe center of souls, and Beowulf must protect it. Donec aliquet. Thus, he lets down his guard and exposes his poition to the men. However, a young Geatish prince, Beowulf, happens to hear about this demon and reaches Hrothgar to offer his help to compensate for the assistance that he offered to his father when he was seeking refuge. He is everything good and light, and he desires to remove evil from the world. Below you can find examples of imagery in Beowulf. Sometimes, there are implied metaphors, and readers have to read closely to catch them. Example 1. Hyperbole helps reveal Beowulfs identity by showing that not only is he courageous and strong, he also has a side of him where is he scared and doubtful.